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GettingStartedwithAbaqus: KeywordsEdition

GettingStartedwithAbaqusKeywordsEdition

Legal NoticesCAUTION: This documentation is intended for qualified users who will exercise sound engineering judgment and expertise in the use of the AbaqusSoftware. The Abaqus Software is inherently complex, and the examples and procedures in this documentation are not intended to be exhaustive or to applyto any particular situation. Users are cautioned to satisfy themselves as to the accuracy and results of their standardservices.com.pklt Systèmes and its subsidiaries, including Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., shall not be responsible for the accuracy or usefulness of any analysisperformed using the Abaqus Software or the procedures, examples, or explanations in this documentation. Dassault Systèmes and its subsidiaries shall notbe responsible for the consequences of any errors or omissions that may appear in this standardservices.com.pk Abaqus Software is available only under license from Dassault Systèmes or its subsidiary and may be used or reproduced only in accordance with theterms of such license. This documentation is subject to the terms and conditions of either the software license agreement signed by the parties, or, absentsuch an agreement, the then current software license agreement to which the documentation standardservices.com.pk documentation and the software described in this documentation are subject to change without prior standardservices.com.pk part of this documentation may be reproduced or distributed in any form without prior written permission of Dassault Systèmes or its standardservices.com.pk Abaqus Software is a product of Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA.© Dassault Systèmes, Abaqus, the 3DS logo, SIMULIA, CATIA, and Unified FEA are trademarks or registered trademarks of Dassault Systèmes or its subsidiaries in the UnitedStates and/or other standardservices.com.pk company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. For additional informationconcerning trademarks, copyrights, and licenses, see the Legal Notices in the Abaqus Release Notes and the notices at:standardservices.com.pk

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CONTENTSContents1. IntroductionThe Abaqus products Getting started withAbaqus Abaqus documentation Getting help Support A quick review of the finite element method GettingStarted Abaqus BasicsComponents of an Abaqus analysis model Format of the input file Example: creating a model of an overhead hoist Comparison of implicit and explicit procedures Summary Finite Elements and Rigid BodiesFinite elements Rigid bodies Summary Using Continuum ElementsElement formulation and integration Selecting continuum elements Example: connecting lug Mesh convergence Related Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary Using Shell ElementsElement geometry Shell formulation – thick or thin Shell material directions Selecting shell elements Example: skew plate v

CONTENTSRelated Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary Using Beam ElementsBeam cross-section geometry Formulation and integration Selecting beam elements Example: cargo crane Related Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary Linear DynamicsIntroduction Damping Element selection Mesh design for dynamics Example: cargo crane under dynamic loading Effect of the number of modes Effect of damping Comparison with direct time integration Other dynamic procedures Related Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary NonlinearitySources of nonlinearity The solution of nonlinear problems Including nonlinearity in an Abaqus analysis Example: nonlinear skew plate Related Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary Nonlinear Explicit DynamicsTypes of problems suited for Abaqus/Explicit Explicit dynamic finite element methods Automatic time incrementation and stability Example: stress wave propagation in a bar vi

CONTENTSDamping of dynamic oscillations Energy balance Summary MaterialsDefining materials in Abaqus Plasticity in ductile metals Selecting elements for elastic-plastic problems Example: connecting lug with plasticity Example: blast loading on a stiffened plate Hyperelasticity Example: axisymmetric mount Mesh design for large distortions Techniques for reducing volumetric locking Related Abaqus examples Suggested reading Summary Multiple Step AnalysisGeneral analysis procedures Linear perturbation analysis Example: vibration of a piping system Restart analysis Example: restarting the pipe vibration analysis Related Abaqus examples Summary ContactOverview of contact capabilities in Abaqus Interaction between surfaces Defining contact in Abaqus/Standard Modeling issues for rigid surfaces in Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Standard 2-D example: forming a channel General contact in Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Standard 3-D example: shearing of a lap joint Defining contact in Abaqus/Explicit Modeling considerations in Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/Explicit example: circuit board drop test Compatibility between Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit Related Abaqus examples vii

CONTENTSSuggested reading Summary Quasi-Static Analysis withAbaqus/ExplicitAnalogy for explicit dynamics Loading rates Mass scaling Energy balance Example: forming a channel in Abaqus/Explicit Summary A. Example FilesOverhead hoist frame A.1Connecting lug A.2Skew plate A.3Cargo crane A.4Cargo crane – dynamic loading A.5Nonlinear skew plate A.6Stress wave propagation in a bar A.7Connecting lug with plasticity A.8Blast loading on a stiffened plate A.9Axisymmetric mount ATest fit of hyperelastic material data AVibration of a piping system AForming a channel withAbaqus/Standard AShearing of a lap joint ACircuit board drop test AForming a channel withAbaqus/Explicit Aviii

THE Abaqus PRODUCTS1. IntroductionAbaqus is a suite of powerful engineering simulation programs, based on the finite element method, thatcan solve problems ranging from relatively simple linear analyses to the most challenging nonlinearsimulations. Abaqus contains an extensive library of elements that can model virtually any standardservices.com.pk has an equally extensive list of material models that can simulate the behavior of most typicalengineering materials including metals, rubber, polymers, composites, reinforced concrete, crushableand resilient foams, and geotechnical materials such as soils and rock. Designed as a general-purposesimulation tool, Abaqus can be used to study more than just structural (stress/displacement) standardservices.com.pk can simulate problems in such diverse areas as heat transfer, mass diffusion, thermal management ofelectrical components (coupled thermal-electrical analyses), acoustics, soil mechanics (coupled porefluid-stress analyses), piezoelectric analysis, and fluid dynamics.Abaqus offers a wide range of capabilities for simulation of linear and nonlinear standardservices.com.pkms with multiple components are modeled by associating the geometry defining each componentwith the appropriate material models and specifying component interactions. In a nonlinear analysisAbaqus automatically chooses appropriate load increments and convergence tolerances and continuallyadjusts them during the analysis to ensure that an accurate solution is obtained efficiently The Abaqus productsAbaqus consists of three main analysis products—Abaqus/Standard, Abaqus/Explicit, and Abaqus/standardservices.com.pk are also four special-purpose add-on analysis products for Abaqus/Standard—Abaqus/Aqua,Abaqus/Design, Abaqus/AMS, and Abaqus/Foundation. Abaqus/CAE is the complete Abaqusenvironment that includes capabilities for creating Abaqus models, interactively submitting andmonitoring Abaqus jobs, and evaluating results. Abaqus/Viewer is a subset of Abaqus/CAE thatincludes just the postprocessing functionality. In addition, the Abaqus Interface for Moldflow andthe Abaqus Interface for standardservices.com.pk are interfaces to Moldflow and ADAMS/Flex, respectively.Abaqus also provides translators that convert geometry from third-party CAD systems to modelsfor Abaqus/CAE, convert entities from third-party preprocessors to input for Abaqus analyses, andthat convert output from Abaqus analyses to entities for third-party postprocessors. The relationshipbetween these products is shown in Figure 1–1.Abaqus/StandardAbaqus/Standard is a general-purpose analysis product that can solve a wide range of linear andnonlinear problems involving the static, dynamic, thermal, and electrical response of standardservices.com.pk product is discussed in detail in this guide. Abaqus/Standard solves a system of equationsimplicitly at each solution “increment.” In contrast, Abaqus/Explicit marches a solution forwardthrough time in small time increments without solving a coupled system of equations at eachincrement (or even forming a global stiffness matrix).1–1

THE Abaqus PRODUCTSCADSystemsAssociativeinterfacesAbaqus/CAE(Abaqus/Viewer)Abaqus Interfacefor MoldflowMoldflowAbaqus/StandardAbaqus/ExplicitAbaqus/CFDAbaqus/AquaAbaqus/AMSAbaqus/DesignAbaqus Interfacefor MSC. ADAMSFigure 1–1Abaqus products.Abaqus/ExplicitAbaqus/Explicit is a special-purpose analysis product that uses an explicit dynamic finite elementformulation. It is suitable for modeling brief, transient dynamic events, such as impact and blastproblems, and is also very efficient for highly nonlinear problems involving changing contactconditions, such as forming simulations. Abaqus/Explicit is discussed in detail in this guide.Abaqus/CFDAbaqus/CFD is a computational fluid dynamics analysis product. It can solve a broad class ofincompressible flow problems including laminar and turbulent flow, thermal convective flow, anddeforming mesh problems. Abaqus/CFD is not discussed in this guide.Abaqus/CAEAbaqus/CAE (Complete Abaqus Environment) is an interactive, graphical environment forAbaqus. It allows models to be created quickly and easily by producing or importing the geometryof the structure to be analyzed and decomposing the geometry into meshable regions. Physical andmaterial properties can be assigned to the geometry, together with loads and boundary conditions.Abaqus/CAE contains very powerful options to mesh the geometry and to verify the resultinganalysis model. Once the model is complete, Abaqus/CAE can submit, monitor, and control theanalysis jobs. The Visualization module can then be used to interpret the results.1–2

THE Abaqus PRODUCTSAbaqus/Viewer, which is a subset of Abaqus/CAE that contains only the postprocessingcapabilities of the Visualization module, is discussed in this guide. The other Abaqus/CAEmodules are not discussed in this guide.Abaqus/AquaAbaqus/Aqua is a set of optional capabilities that can be added to Abaqus/Standard. It is intendedfor the simulation of offshore structures, such as oil platforms. Some of the optional capabilitiesinclude the effects of wave and wind loading and buoyancy. Abaqus/Aqua is not discussed in thisguide.Abaqus/DesignAbaqus/Design is a set of optional capabilities that can be added to Abaqus/Standard to performdesign sensitivity calculations. Abaqus/Design is not discussed in this guide.Abaqus/AMSAbaqus/AMS is an optional capability that can be added to Abaqus/Standard. It uses the automaticmulti-level substructuring (AMS) eigensolver during a natural frequency extraction. Abaqus/AMSis not discussed in this guide.Abaqus/FoundationAbaqus/Foundation offers more efficient access to the linear static and dynamic analysisfunctionality in Abaqus/Standard. Abaqus/Foundation is not discussed in this guide.Abaqus Interface for MoldflowThe Abaqus Interface for Moldflow translates finite element model information from a Moldflowanalysis to write a partial Abaqus input file. The Abaqus Interface for Moldflow is not discussed inthis guide.Abaqus Interface for standardservices.com.pkhe Abaqus Interface for standardservices.com.pk allows Abaqus finite element models to be included asflexible components within the standardservices.com.pk family of products. The interface is based on thecomponent mode synthesis formulation of ADAMS/Flex. The Abaqus Interface for standardservices.com.pks not discussed in this standardservices.com.pkry translatorsAbaqus provides the following translators for converting geometry from third-party CAD systemsto parts and assemblies for Abaqus/CAE:• The CATIA V5 Associative Interface creates a link between CATIA V5 and Abaqus/CAEthat allows you to transfer model data and propagate design changes from CATIA V5 toAbaqus/CAE.1–3

GETTING STARTED WITH Abaqus• The SolidWorks Associative Interface creates a link between SolidWorks and Abaqus/CAEthat allows you to transfer model data and propagate design changes from SolidWorks toAbaqus/CAE.• The Pro/ENGINEER Associative Interface creates a link between Pro/ENGINEER andAbaqus/CAE that allows you to transfer model data and propagate design changes betweenPro/ENGINEER and Abaqus/CAE.• The Geometry Translator for CATIA V4 allows you to import the geometry of CATIA V4-format parts and assemblies directly into Abaqus/CAE.• The Geometry Translator for I-DEAS converts parts and assemblies in I-DEAS to geometryfiles that can be imported by Abaqus/CAE.• The Geometry Translator for Parasolid allows you to import the geometry of Parasolid-formatparts and assemblies directly into Abaqus/standardservices.com.pk addition, the NX Associative Interface creates a link between NX and Abaqus/CAE that allowsyou to transfer model data and propagate design changes between NX and Abaqus/CAE. The NXAssociative Interface be purchased and downloaded from the Elysium web standardservices.com.pk geometry translators are not discussed in this standardservices.com.pkator utilitiesAbaqus provides the following translators for converting entities from third-party preprocessors toinput for Abaqus analyses or for converting output from Abaqus analyses to entities for third-partypostprocessors:• abaqus fromansys translates an ANSYS input file to an Abaqus input file.• abaqus fromnastran translates a Nastran bulk data file to an Abaqus input file.• abaqus frompamcrash translates a PAM-CRASH input file into an Abaqus input file.• abaqus fromradioss translates a RADIOSS input file into an Abaqus input file.• abaqus tonastran translates an Abaqus input file to Nastran bulk data file format.• abaqus toOutput2 translates an Abaqus output database file to the Nastran Output2 file format.• abaqus tozaero enables the exchange of aeroelastic data between Abaqus and standardservices.com.pk translator utilities are not discussed in this guide Getting started withAbaqusThis guide is an introductory text designed to give new users guidance in analyzing solid, shell, beam,and truss models withAbaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit, and viewing the results in Abaqus/Vieweror another postprocessor. You do not need any previous knowledge of Abaqus to benefit from thisguide, although some previous exposure to the finite element method is recommended. If you arealready familiar with the Abaqus solver products (Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit) but would like1–4

GETTING STARTED WITH Abaqusan introduction to the Abaqus/CAE interface, refer to the GettingStartedwithAbaqus: InteractiveEdition standardservices.com.pk document covers only stress/displacement simulations, concentrating on both linear andnonlinear static analyses as well as dynamic analyses. Other types of simulations, such as heat transferand mass diffusion, are not covered How to use this guideEach of the chapters in this guide introduces one or more topics relevant to using Abaqus/Standardand Abaqus/Explicit. Throughout the manual the term Abaqus is used to refer collectively to bothAbaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit; the individual product names are used when information appliesto only one product. Most chapters contain a short discussion of the topic or topics being considered andone or two tutorial examples. You should work through the examples carefully since they contain a greatdeal of practical advice on using Abaqus.The capabilities of Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit are introduced gradually in theseexamples. You may create input files using a text editor; however, using an interactive pre-processorfacilitates model creation for these examples. Full versions of the input files that you create in eachexample are in Appendix A, “Example Files.” If you have access to Abaqus/CAE, you can use thecompanion manual, GettingStartedwithAbaqus: Interactive Edition, to perform all preprocessing andanalysis steps using detailed Abaqus/CAE standardservices.com.pk chapter is a short introduction to Abaqus and this guide. Chapter 2, “Abaqus Basics,” which iscentered around a simple example, covers the basics of using Abaqus. By the end of Chapter 2, “AbaqusBasics,” you will know the fundamentals of how to prepare a model for an Abaqus simulation, check thedata, run the analysis job, and view the standardservices.com.pkr 3, “Finite Elements and Rigid Bodies,” presents an overview of the main element familiesavailable in Abaqus. The use of continuum (solid) elements, shell elements, and beam elements isdiscussed in Chapter 4, “Using Continuum Elements”; Chapter 5, “Using Shell Elements”; and Chapter 6,“Using Beam Elements”; standardservices.com.pk dynamic analyses are discussed in Chapter 7, “Linear Dynamics.” Chapter 8, “Nonlinearity,”introduces the concept of nonlinearity in general, and geometric nonlinearity in particular, and containsthe first nonlinear Abaqus simulation. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are discussed in Chapter 9,“Nonlinear Explicit Dynamics,” and material nonlinearity is introduced in Chapter 10, “Materials.”Chapter 11, “Multiple Step Analysis,” introduces the concept of multistep simulations, and Chapter 12,“Contact,” discusses the many issues that arise in contact analyses. Using Abaqus/Explicit to solvequasi-static problems is presented in Chapter 13, “Quasi-Static Analysis withAbaqus/Explicit.”The illustrative example is a sheet metal forming simulation, which requires importing betweenAbaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard to perform the forming and springback analyses efficiently.1–5

GETTING STARTED WITH Abaqus Conventions used in this guideThis manual adheres to the following conventions:Typographical conventionsDifferent text styles are used in the tutorial examples to indicate specific actions or identify items.• Input in COURIER FONT should be typed into Abaqus/Viewer or your computer exactly asshown. For example,abaqus viewerwould be typed on your computer to run Abaqus/Viewer.• Menu selections, tabs within dialog boxes, and labels of items on the screen in Abaqus/Viewerare indicated in bold:View→Graphics OptionsContour Plot OptionsView orientation triadBy default, Abaqus/Viewer uses the alphabetical option, x-y-z, for labeling the view orientationtriad. In general, this manual adopts the numerical option, , to permit direct correspondencewith degree of freedom and output labeling Basic mouse actionsFigure 1–2 shows the mouse button orientation for a left-handed and a right-handed 3-button mouseleft-handedmouseright-handedmouseFigure 1–2Mouse standardservices.com.pk following terms describe actions you perform using the mouse:1–6

Abaqus DOCUMENTATIONClickPress and quickly release the mouse button. Unless otherwise specified, the instruction “click”means that you should click mouse button standardservices.com.pkess and hold down mouse button 1 while moving the standardservices.com.pkove the mouse until the cursor is over the desired standardservices.com.pkPoint to an item and then click mouse button 1.[Shift]+ClickPress and hold the [Shift] key, click mouse button 1, and then release the [Shift] key.[Ctrl]+ClickPress and hold the [Ctrl] key, click mouse button 1, and then release the [Ctrl] key.Abaqus/Viewer is designed for use with a 3-button mouse. Accordingly, this manual refers to mousebuttons 1, 2, and 3 as shown in Figure 1–2. However, you can use Abaqus/Viewer with a 2-button mouseas follows:• The two mouse buttons are equivalent to mouse buttons 1 and 3 on a 3-button mouse.• Pressing both mouse buttons simultaneously is equivalent to pressing mouse button 2 on a standardservices.com.pk: You are instructed to click mouse button 2 in procedures throughout this manual. Makesure that you configure mouse button 2 (or the wheel button) to act as a middle button click Abaqus documentationThe documentation for Abaqus is extensive and complete. The following documentation andpublications are available from SIMULIA through the Abaqus online HTML documentation and inPDF format. For more information on accessing the online HTML manuals, refer to the discussion ofexecution procedures in the Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual. For more information on printing themanuals, refer to “Printing from a PDF book,” Section of Using Abaqus Online Documentation.Abaqus Analysis User’s ManualThis manual contains a complete description of the elements, material models, procedures, inputspecifications, etc. It is the basic manual for Abaqus/Standard, Abaqus/Explicit, and Abaqus/CFD;and it provides both input file usage and Abaqus/CAE usage information. This guide regularlyrefers to the Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual, so you should have it available as you work throughthe examples.1–7

Abaqus DOCUMENTATIONAbaqus/CAE User’s ManualThis manual includes detailed descriptions of how to use Abaqus/CAE for model generation,analysis, and results evaluation and visualization. Abaqus/Viewer users should refer to theinformation on the Visualization module in this standardservices.com.pk Abaqus Online DocumentationThis manual contains instructions for navigating, viewing, and searching the Abaqus HTML andPDF documentation. In addition, this manual explains how to use the PDF documentation toproduce a high quality printed copy and how to use the icon in all PDF books except theAbaqus Scripting Reference Manual and the Abaqus GUI Toolkit Reference Manual to print aselected section of a standardservices.com.pk Abaqus documentation:Abaqus Example Problems ManualThis manual contains detailed examples designed to illustrate the approaches and decisions neededto perform meaningful linear and nonlinear analysis. Many of the examples are worked with severaldifferent element types, mesh densities, and other variations. Typical cases are large motion of anelastic-plastic pipe hitting a rigid wall; inelastic buckling collapse of a thin-walled elbow; explosiveloading of an elastic, viscoplastic thin ring; consolidation under a footing; buckling of a compositeshell with a hole; and deep drawing of a metal sheet. It is generally useful to look for relevantexamples in this manual and to review them when embarking on a new class of standardservices.com.pk you want to use a feature that you have not used before, you should look up one or moreexamples that use that feature. Then, use the example to familiarize yourself with the correct usageof the capability. To find an example that uses a certain feature, search the online documentation oruse the abaqus findkeyword utility (see “Querying the keyword/problem database,” Section of the Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual, for more information).All the input files associated with the examples are provided as part of the Abaqus standardservices.com.pk abaqus fetch utility is used to extract sample Abaqus input files from the compressed archivefiles provided with the release (see “Fetching sample input files,” Section of the AbaqusAnalysis User’s Manual, for more information). You can fetch any of the example files so that youcan run the simulations yourself and review the results. You can also access the input files throughthe hyperlinks in the Abaqus Example Problems Manual.Abaqus Benchmarks ManualThis manual contains benchmark problems and analyses used to evaluate the performance ofAbaqus; the tests are multiple element tests of simple geometries or simplified versions of realproblems. The NAFEMS benchmark problems are included in this manual.1–8

Abaqus DOCUMENTATIONAbaqus Verification ManualThis manual contains basic test cases, providing verification of each individual program feature(procedures, output options, MPCs, etc.) against exact calculations and other published results. Itmay be useful to run these problems when learning to use a new capability. In addition, the suppliedinput data files provide good starting points to check the behavior of elements, materials, etc.Abaqus Theory ManualThis manual contains detailed, precise discussions of all theoretical aspects of Abaqus. It is writtento be understood by users with an engineering background.AbaqusKeywords Reference ManualThis manual contains a complete description of all the input options that are available inAbaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit.Abaqus User Subroutines Reference ManualThis manual contains a complete description of all the user subroutines available for use in Abaqusanalyses. It also discusses the utility routines that can be used when writing user subroutines.Abaqus GlossaryThis manual defines technical terms as they apply to the Abaqus Unified FEA Product Suite.Abaqus Release NotesThis manual contains brief descriptions of the new features available in the latest release of theAbaqus product line.Abaqus Installation and Licensing GuideThis manual describes how to install Abaqus and how to configure the installation for particularcircumstances. Some of this information, of most relevance to users, is also provided in theAbaqus Analysis User’s standardservices.com.pk addition to the documentation listed above, the following manuals are available for Abaqusinterfaces and custom programming techniques not discussed in this guide:• Abaqus Interface for Moldflow User’s Manual• Abaqus Interface for standardservices.com.pk User’s Manual• Abaqus Scripting User’s Manual• Abaqus Scripting Reference Manual• Abaqus GUI Toolkit User’s Manual• Abaqus GUI Toolkit Reference ManualSIMULIA also provides documentation for all of the geometry translators described in “The Abaqusproducts,” Section –9

GETTING HELPAdditional publications available from SIMULIA:Quality Assurance PlanThis document describes the QA procedures followed by SIMULIA. It is a controlled document,provided to customers who subscribe to either the Nuclear QA Program or the Quality standardservices.com.pke NotesThese notes are available on many topics to which Abaqus is applied. They are used in the technicalseminars that are presented to help users improve their understanding and usage of Abaqus. Whilenot intended as stand-alone tutorial material, they are sufficiently comprehensive that they canusually be used in that mode. The list of available lecture notes is included in the DocumentationPrice List or can be found on the Products page at standardservices.com.pkAbaqus online resourcesSIMULIA has a home page on the World Wide Web (standardservices.com.pk), containing a variety ofuseful information about the Abaqus suite of programs, including:• Frequently asked questions• Abaqus systems information and machine requirements• Benchmark timing documents• Error status reports• Abaqus documentation price list• Training seminar schedule• Newsletters Getting helpYou may want to read additional information about Abaqus/Viewer features at various points during thetutorials. The context-sensitive help system allows you to locate relevant information quickly and standardservices.com.pkt-sensitive help is available for every item in the main window and in all dialog boxes.1–10

GETTING HELPNote:• On Windows platforms, the help system uses your default web browser to display the onlinedocumentation.• On UNIX and Linux platforms, the help system searches the system path for Firefox. If the helpsystem cannot find Firefox, an error is standardservices.com.pk browser_type and browser_path variables can be set in the environment file to modifythis behavior. For more information, see “System customization parameters,” Section of theAbaqus Installation and Licensing standardservices.com.pk obtain context-sensitive help From the main menu bar, select Help→On standardservices.com.pk: You can also click the help toolto access context-sensitive standardservices.com.pk cursor changes to a question mark Click any part of the main window except its frame.A help window appears in your browser window. The help window displays information about theitem you selected Scroll to the bottom of the help standardservices.com.pk the bottom of the window, a list of blue, underlined items appears. These items are links to theAbaqus/CAE User’s Manual, which includes all Abaqus/Viewer help topics Click any one of the items.A book window appears in your default web browser. The window is arranged into four frames asfollows:• The Abaqus/CAE User’s Manual appears in a text frame on the right side of the window. Themanual is turned to the item that you selected.• An expandable table of contents is available on the lower left side of the window for easynavigation throughout the book.• The table of contents control tools in the upper left frame allow you to vary the level of detaildisplayed in the table of contents frame or to change the size of the frame. Clickto expandseveral levels in the table of contents of an online book. Clickto collapse all expandedsections in the table of contents. Click and , respectively, to widen or narrow the tableof contents frame.• The navigation frame at the top of the book window allows you to select another book fromthe entire Abaqus documentation collection. The navigation frame also allows you to searchtheentiremanual.1–11

SUPPORT5. Click any item in the table of standardservices.com.pk text frame changes to reflect the item you selected Click the icon to the left of a topic heading to expand standardservices.com.pk headings of the subtopics appear under the topic heading, and the sign changes to , indicatingthat the section is expanded. If appears beside a subsection, there are no further levels within thatsection to expand. To collapse an expanded section of the table of contents, click next to thetopic heading In the search panel in the navigation frame, type any word that appears in the text frame on the rightand click standardservices.com.pk the search is complete, the table of contents frame displays the number of hits next to eachtopic heading and all hits become highlighted in the text frame. Click Next Match or PreviousMatch in the navigation frame to move through the document from one hit to the standardservices.com.pk can enter a single word or a phrase in the search panel, and you can use the [*] character asa wildcard. For detailed instructions on using the search capabilities of the online documentation,see Using Abaqus Online Documentation Close the web browser windows SupportSIMULIA offers both technical (engineering) support and systems support for Abaqus. Technical andsystems support are provided through the nearest local support office. We regard technical support as animportant part of the service we offer and encourage you to contact us with any questions or concernsthat you have about your Abaqus analyses. You can contact our offices by telephone, fax, electronic mail,or regular mail. Information on how to contact each office is listed in the front of each Abaqus standardservices.com.pkt is also available on the World Wide Web for your convenience. The SIMULIA Online SupportSystem is accessible through the My Support page at standardservices.com.pk When contacting your localsupport office, please specify whether you would like technical support (you have encountered problemsperforming an Abaqus analysis) or systems support (Abaqus will not install correctly, licensing does notwork correctly, or other hardware-related issues have arisen).We welcome any suggestions for improvements to the support program or documentation. Wewill ensure that any enhancement requests you make are considered for future releases. If you wishto file a complaint about the service or products provided by SIMULIA, refer to the Support page standardservices.com.pk1–12

SUPPORT Technical supportSIMULIA technical support engineers can assist in clarifying Abaqus features and checking errors bygiving both general information on using Abaqus and information on its application to specific standardservices.com.pk you have concerns about an analysis, we suggest that you contact us at an early stage, since it is usuallyeasier to solve problems at the beginning of a project rather than trying to correct an analysis at the standardservices.com.pk have the following information ready before calling the technical support hotline, and includeit in any written contacts:• The release of Abaqus that are you using.– The release numbers for Abaqus/Standard, Abaqus/Explicit, and Abaqus/CFD are given at thetop of the data (.dat) file.– The release numbers for the Abaqus Interface for Moldflow and the Abaqus Interface standardservices.com.pk are output to the screen.• The type of computer on which you are running Abaqus.• The symptoms of any problems, including the exact error messages, if any.• Workarounds or tests that you have already standardservices.com.pk support about a specific problem, any available Abaqus output files may be helpful in answeringquestions that the support engineer may ask standardservices.com.pk support engineer will try to diagnose your problem from the model description and a descriptionof the difficulties you are having. Frequently, the support engineer will need model sketches, which canbe e-mailed, faxed, or sent in the mail. Plots of the final results or the results near the point that theanalysis terminated may also be needed to understand what may have caused the standardservices.com.pk the support engineer cannot diagnose your problem from this information, you may be askedto send the input data. The data can be sent by means of e-mail, ftp, CD, or DVD. It may also beattached to a support incident in the SIMULIA Online Support System. Please check the Support pageat standardservices.com.pk for the media formats that are currently standardservices.com.pk support incidents are tracked in the SIMULIA Online Support System. This tracking enablesyou (as well as the support engineer) to monitor the progress of a particular problem and to check thatwe are resolving support issues efficiently. To use the SIMULIA Online Support System, you need toregister with the system. Visit the My Support page at standardservices.com.pk for instructions on how toregister. If you are contacting us to discuss an existing support problem and you know the incidentnumber, please mention it so that we can consult the database to see what the latest action has been and,thus, avoid duplication of effort. In addition, please give the receptionist the support engineer’s name orinclude it at the top of any e-mail correspondence.1–13

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Systems supportAbaqus systems support engineers can help you resolve issues related to the installation and running ofAbaqus, including licensing difficulties, that are not covered by technical standardservices.com.pk should install Abaqus by carefully following the instructions in the Abaqus Installation andLicensing Guide. If you encounter problems with the installation or licensing, first review the instructionsin the Abaqus Installation and Licensing Guide to ensure that they have been followed correctly. If thismethod does not resolve the problems, consult the SIMULIA Answers database in the SIMULIA OnlineSupport System for information about known installation problems. If this method does not address yoursituation, please contact your local support office. Send whatever information is available to define theproblem: error messages from an aborted analysis or a detailed explanation of the problems standardservices.com.pker possible, please send the output from the abaqus info=support command Support for academic institutionsUnder the terms of the Academic License Agreement, we do not provide support to users at academicinstitutions unless the institution has also purchased technical support. Please contact us for moreinformation A quick review of the finite element methodThis section reviews the basics of the finite element method. The first step of any finite element simulationis to discretize the actual geometry of the structure using a collection of finite elements. Each finiteelement represents a discrete portion of the physical structure. The finite elements are joined by sharednodes. The collection of nodes and finite elements is called the mesh. The number of elements per unit oflength, area, or in a mesh is referred to as the mesh density. In a stress analysis the displacements of thenodes are the fundamental variables that Abaqus calculates. Once the nodal displacements are known,the stresses and strains in each finite element can be determined easily Obtaining nodal displacements using implicit methodsA simple example of a truss, constrained at one end and loaded at the other end as shown in Figure 1–3,is used to introduce some terms and conventions used in this document. The objective of the analysis isto find the displacement of the free end of the truss, the stress in the truss, and the reaction force at theconstrained end of the standardservices.com.pk this case the rod shown in Figure 1–3 will be modeled with two truss elements. In Abaqus trusselements can carry axial loads only. The discretized model is shown in Figure 1–4 together with the nodeand element labels.1–14

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHODFigure 1–3Truss standardservices.com.pk aElement 1Node bElement 2Node cFigure 1–4Discretized model of the truss standardservices.com.pk-body diagrams for each node in the model are shown in Figure 1–5. In general each node willcarry an external load applied to the model, P, and internal loads, I, caused by stresses in the elementsattached to that node. For a model to be in static equilibrium, the net force acting on each node must bezero; i.e., the internal and external loads at each node must balance each other. For node a this equilibriumequation can be obtained as follows.P aaI 1 I b1Node aI b2P cNode bP bI c2Node cFigure 1–5Free-body diagram for each standardservices.com.pkng that the change in length of the rod is small, the strain in element 1 is given by1–15

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHODwhere and are the displacements at nodes a and b, respectively, and L is the original length of standardservices.com.pkng that the material is elastic, the stress in the rod is given by the strain multiplied by theYoung’s modulus, E:The axial force acting on the end node is equivalent to the stress in the rod multiplied by its crosssectionalarea, A. Thus, a relationship between internal force, material properties, and displacements isobtained:Equilibrium at node a can, therefore, be written asEquilibrium at node b must take into account the internal forces acting from both elements joinedat that node. The internal force from element 1 is now acting in the opposite direction and so becomesnegative. The resulting equation isFor node c the equilibrium equation isFor implicit methods, the equilibrium equations need to be solved simultaneously to obtain thedisplacements of all the nodes. This requirement is best achieved by matrix techniques; therefore, writethe internal and external force contributions as matrices. If the properties and dimensions of the twoelements are the same, the equilibrium equations can be simplified as follows:In general, it may be that the element stiffnesses, the terms, are different from element toelement; therefore, write the element stiffnesses as and for the two elements in the model. We areinterested in obtaining the solution to the equilibrium equation in which the externally applied forces, P,are in equilibrium with the internally generated forces, I. When discussing this equation with referenceto convergence and nonlinearity, we write it as1–16

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHODFor the complete two-element, three-node structure we, therefore, modify the signs and rewrite theequilibrium equation asIn an implicit method, such as that used in Abaqus/Standard, this system of equations can then be solvedto obtain values for the three unknown variables: , ,and ( is specified in the problem as ).Once the displacements are known, we can go back and use them to calculate the stresses in the trusselements. Implicit finite element methods require that a system of equations is solved at the end of eachsolution standardservices.com.pk contrast to implicit methods, an explicit method, such as that used in Abaqus/Explicit, does notrequire the solving of a simultaneous system of equations or the calculation of a global stiffness standardservices.com.pkd, the solution is advanced kinematically from one increment to the next. The extension of thefinite element method to explicit dynamics is covered in the following section Stress wave propagation illustratedThis section attempts to provide some conceptual understanding of how forces propagate through a modelwhen using the explicit dynamics method. In this illustrative example we consider the propagation of astress wave along a rod modeled with three elements, as shown in Figure 1–6. We will study the state ofthe rod as we increment through time.P1 2 3 41 2 3lllFigure 1–6 Initial configuration of a rod with a concentrated load, , at the free standardservices.com.pk the first time increment node 1 has an acceleration, , as a result of the concentrated force, ,applied to it. The acceleration causes node 1 to have a velocity, , which, in turn, causes a strain rate,, in element 1. The increment of strain, , in element 1 is obtained by integrating the strain ratethrough the time of increment 1. The total strain, , is the sum of the initial strain, , and the incrementin strain. In this case the initial strain is zero. Once the element strain has been calculated, the element1–17

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHODstress, , is obtained by applying the material constitutive model. For a linear elastic material thestress is simply the elastic modulus times the total strain. This process is shown in Figure 1–7. Nodes 2and 3 do not move in the first increment since no force is applied to them.P1 1 2 2 3 3 4u 1P–= ⇒ uM 1 = u 1 dt1∫ ⇒ el1 = ⇒lel1 = ∫ d⇒ el1 = ⇒ =o+el1 el1u 1E el1el1 tFigure 1–7 Configuration at the end of increment 1 of a rodwith a concentrated load, , at the free standardservices.com.pk the second increment the stresses in element 1 apply internal, element forces to the nodesassociated with element 1, as shown in Figure 1–8. These element stresses are then used to calculatedynamic equilibrium at nodes 1 and 2.P1 1 2 2 3 3 4I el1=el1 AP–I el1u 1 = ⇒ u 1 =M 1u 1old+ ∫u 1 dtel1u 2 – u 1= ⇒lel1 =∫del1 tu 2I el1M 2= ⇒ u 2 =∫u 2 dt⇒⇒el1el1==oldel1+E el1el1Figure 1–8 Configuration of the rod at the beginning of increment standardservices.com.pk process continues so that at the start of the third increment there are stresses in both elements1 and 2, and there are forces at nodes 1, 2, and 3, as shown in Figure 1–9. The process continues untilthe analysis reaches the desired total time.1–18

A QUICK REVIEW OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHODP1 1 2 2 3 3 4I el1I el2Figure 1–9 Configuration of the rod at the beginning of increment –19

Abaqus BASICS2. Abaqus BasicsA complete Abaqus analysis usually consists of three distinct stages: preprocessing, simulation, andpostprocessing. These three stages are linked together by files as shown below:PreprocessingAbaqus/CAE or other softwareInput file:standardservices.com.pkulationAbaqus/Standardor Abaqus/ExplicitOutput files:standardservices.com.pk, standardservices.com.pk,standardservices.com.pk, standardservices.com.pktprocessingAbaqus/CAE or other softwarePreprocessing (Abaqus/CAE)In this stage you must define the model of the physical problem and create an Abaqus input standardservices.com.pk model is usually created graphically using Abaqus/CAE or another preprocessor, although theAbaqus input file for a simple analysis can be created directly using a text standardservices.com.pktion (Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit)The simulation, which normally is run as a background process, is the stage in whichAbaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit solves the numerical problem defined in the model. Examplesof output from a stress analysis include displacements and stresses that are stored in binary filesready for postprocessing. Depending on the complexity of the problem being analyzed and thepower of the computer being used, it may take anywhere from seconds to days to complete ananalysis run.2–1

COMPONENTS OF AN Abaqus ANALYSIS MODELPostprocessing (Abaqus/Viewer)You can evaluate the results once the simulation has been completed and the displacements, stresses,or other fundamental variables have been calculated. The evaluation is generally done interactivelyusing Abaqus/Viewer or another postprocessor. Abaqus/Viewer, which reads the neutral binaryoutput database file, has a variety of options for displaying the results, including color contour plots,animations, deformed shape plots, and X–Y plots Components of an Abaqus analysis modelAn Abaqus model is composed of several different components that together describe the physicalproblem to be analyzed and the results to be obtained. At a minimum the analysis model consists ofthe following information: discretized geometry, element section properties, material data, loads andboundary conditions, analysis type, and output standardservices.com.pktized geometryFinite elements and nodes define the basic geometry of the physical structure being modeled inAbaqus. Each element in the model represents a discrete portion of the physical structure, whichis, in turn, represented by many interconnected elements. Elements are connected to one anotherby shared nodes. The coordinates of the nodes and the connectivity of the elements—that is, whichnodes belong to which elements—comprise the model geometry. The collection of all the elementsand nodes in a model is called the mesh. Generally, the mesh will be only an approximation of theactual geometry of the standardservices.com.pk element type, shape, and location, as well as the overall number of elements used in themesh, affect the results obtained from a simulation. The greater the mesh density (i.e., the greaterthe number of elements in the mesh), the more accurate the results. As the mesh density increases,the analysis results converge to a unique solution, and the computer time required for the analysisincreases. The solution obtained from the numerical model is generally an approximation to thesolution of the physical problem being simulated. The extent of the approximations made in themodel’s geometry, material behavior, boundary conditions, and loading determines how well thenumerical simulation matches the physical standardservices.com.pkt section propertiesAbaqus has a wide range of elements, many of which have geometry not defined completely bythe coordinates of their nodes. For example, the layers of a composite shell or the dimensions ofan I-beam section are not defined by the nodes of the element. Such additional geometric dataare defined as physical properties of the element and are necessary to define the model geometrycompletely (see Chapter 3, “Finite Elements and Rigid Bodies”).2–2

COMPONENTS OF AN Abaqus ANALYSIS MODELMaterial dataMaterial properties for all elements must be specified. While high-quality material data are oftendifficult to obtain, particularly for the more complex material models, the validity of the Abaqusresults is limited by the accuracy and extent of the material standardservices.com.pk and boundary conditionsLoads distort the physical structure and, thus, create stress in it. The most common forms of loadinginclude:• point loads;• pressure loads on surfaces;• distributed tractions on surfaces;• distributed edge loads and moments on shell edges;• body forces, such as the force of gravity; and• thermal standardservices.com.pkry conditions are used to constrain portions of the model to remain fixed (zerodisplacements) or to move by a prescribed amount (nonzero displacements).In a static analysis enough boundary conditions must be used to prevent the model from movingas a rigid body in any direction; otherwise, unrestrained rigid body motion causes the stiffness matrixto be singular. A solver problem will occur during the solution stage and may cause the simulationto stop prematurely. Abaqus/Standard will issue a warning message if it detects a solver problemduring a simulation. It is important that you learn to interpret such error messages. If you see a“numerical singularity” or “zero pivot” warning message during a static stress analysis, you shouldcheck whether all or part of your model lacks constraints against rigid body translations or standardservices.com.pk body motions can consist of both translations and rotations of the components. The potentialrigid body motions depend on the dimensionality of the standardservices.com.pkionalityThree-dimensionalAxisymmetricPlane stressPlane strainPossible Rigid Body MotionTranslation in the 1-, 2-, and standardservices.com.pkon about the 1-, 2-, and standardservices.com.pkation in the standardservices.com.pkon about the 3-axis (axisymmetric rigid bodies only).Translation in the 1- and standardservices.com.pkon about the standardservices.com.pk default, the 1-, 2-, and 3-directions are aligned with the axes of a global Cartesian coordinatesystem (discussed later).2–3

FORMAT OF THE INPUT FILEIn a dynamic analysis inertia forces prevent the model from undergoing infinite motioninstantaneously as long as all separate parts in the model have some mass; therefore, solverproblem warnings in a dynamic analysis usually indicate some other modeling problem, such asexcessive standardservices.com.pkis typeAbaqus can carry out many different types of simulations, but this guide only covers the two mostcommon: static and dynamic stress standardservices.com.pk a static analysis the long-term response of the structure to the applied loads is standardservices.com.pk other cases the dynamic response of a structure to the loads may be of interest: for example,the effect of a sudden load on a component, such as occurs during an impact, or the response of abuilding in an standardservices.com.pk requestsAn Abaqus simulation can generate a large amount of output. To avoid using excessive disk space,you can limit the output to that required for interpreting the results Format of the input fileThe input file is the means of communication between the preprocessor, usually Abaqus/CAE, andthe analysis product, Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit. It contains a complete description of thenumerical model. The input file is a text file that has an intuitive, keyword-based format, so it is easyto modify using a text editor if necessary; if a preprocessor such as Abaqus/CAE is used, modificationsshould be made using it. Indeed, small analyses can be specified easily by typing the input file standardservices.com.pk example of an overhead hoist, shown in Figure 2–1, is used to illustrate the basic format ofthe Abaqus input file. The hoist is a simple, pin-jointed beam and truss model that is constrained at theleft-hand end and mounted on rollers at the right-hand end. The members can rotate freely at the standardservices.com.pk frame is prevented from moving out of plane. A simulation is performed to determine the structure’sdeflection and the peak stress in its members when a 10 kN load is applied as shown in Figure 2–standardservices.com.pk this problem is very simple, the Abaqus input file is compact and easily understood. Thecomplete Abaqus input file for this example, which is shown in Figure 2–2 and also in “Overhead hoistframe,” Section A.1, is split into two distinct parts. The first section contains model data and includesall the information required to define the structure being analyzed. The second section contains historydata that define what happens to the model: the sequence of loading or events for which the response ofthe structure is required. This history is divided into a sequence of steps, each defining a separate part ofthe simulation. For example, the first step may define a static loading while the second step may definea dynamic loading, standardservices.com.pk input file is composed of a number of option blocks that contain data describing a part of themodel. Each option block begins with a keyword line, which is usually followed by one or more datalines. These lines cannot exceed characters.2–4

FORMAT OF THE INPUT FILE1 m1 m1 mAll members arecircular steel rods,5 mm in diameter.1 m 1 m10, NMaterial propertiesGeneral properties:ρ = kg/m 3Elastic properties:E = × 10 9 Paν = Figure 2–1Schematic of an overhead hoist Keyword linesKeywords (or options) always begin with a star or asterisk (*). For example, *NODE is the keywordfor specifying the nodal coordinates, and *ELEMENT is the keyword for specifying the elementconnectivity. Keywords are often followed by parameters, some of which may be required. Theparameter TYPE is required with the *ELEMENT option because the element type must always begiven when defining elements. For example, the following statement indicates that we are defining theconnectivity of T2D2 elements (two-dimensional truss elements with two nodes):*ELEMENT, TYPE=T2D2Many parameters are optional and are defined only in certain circumstances. For example, the followingstatement indicates that all the nodes defined in this option block will be put into a set called PART1.*NODE, NSET=PART1It is not essential to put nodes into sets, although it is convenient in many instances.2–5

FORMAT OF THE INPUT FILE*HEADINGTwo-dimensional overhead hoist frameSI Units1-axis horizontal, 2-axis vertical*PREPRINT, ECHO=YES, MODEL=YES, HISTORY=YES**** Model definition***NODE, 0., 0., , 1., 0., , 2., 0., , , , , , , 0.*ELEMENT, TYPE=T2D2, ELSET=FRAME11, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,CommentKeyword lineData lines*SOLID SECTION, ELSET=FRAME, MATERIAL=STEELE-5,*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL*ELASTICE9, **** History data***STEP, PERTURBATION10kN central load*STATIC*BOUNDARY, ENCASTRE, 2*CLOAD, 2, E3*NODE PRINTU,RF,*EL PRINTS,*END STEPOptionblockModel dataHistory dataFigure 2–2Input for overhead hoist model.2–6

FORMAT OF THE INPUT FILEKeywords and parameters are case independent and must use enough characters to make themunique. Parameters are separated by commas. If a parameter has a value, an equal sign (=) is usedto associate the value with the standardservices.com.pkonally, so many parameters are required that they will not fit on a single character standardservices.com.pk this case a comma is placed at the end of the line to indicate that the next line is a continuation standardservices.com.pk example, the following keyword and parameters are a valid keyword line:*ELEMENT, TYPE = T2D2,ELSET = FRAMEDetails of the keywords are documented in the AbaqusKeywords Reference Manual Data linesKeyword lines are usually followed by data lines, which provide data that are more easily specifiedas lists than as parameters on the keyword line. Examples of such data include nodal coordinates;element connectivities; or tables of material properties, such as stress-strain curves. The data requiredfor particular option blocks are specified in the AbaqusKeywords Reference Manual. For example, theoption block defining the nodes for the overhead hoist model is:*NODE, 0., 0., , 1., 0., , 2., 0., , , , , , , standardservices.com.pk first piece of data in each data line is an integer that defines the node number. The second, third,and fourth entries are floating-point numbers that specify the , , coordinates of the standardservices.com.pk data can consist of a mixture of integer, floating point, or alphanumeric values. Floating pointvalues can be entered in a variety of ways; for example, Abaqus interprets all of the following as thenumber four 4. E+0 .4E+1 E−1Data items are separated by commas, as in Figure 2–2, which allows fairly arbitrary spacing of theinput values on the data line. If there is only one item on a data line, it must be followed by a comma.2–7

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOIST Example: creating a model of an overhead hoistThe simulation of the pin-jointed, overhead hoist in Figure 2–1 is used to illustrate the creation of anAbaqus input file using an editor. As you read through this section, you should type the data into a fileusing one of the editors available on your computer. The Abaqus input file must have an .inp fileextension. For convenience, name the input file standardservices.com.pk The file identifier, which can be chosento identify the analysis, is called the standardservices.com.pkcaseusethejobname“frame”toassociateiteasilywith the input file called standardservices.com.pk of the other examples in this guide assume that you will be using a preprocessor, such asAbaqus/CAE, to generate the mesh if you are going to create the model from scratch. Input files forall the examples are available. See Appendix A, “Example Files,” for instructions on how to retrievethese input files. However, since the purpose of this example is to help you understand the structure andformat of the Abaqus input file, you should type this input file in directly, rather than use a preprocessoror copy the input file that is provided. If you wish to create the entire model using Abaqus/CAE, referto “Example: creating a model of an overhead hoist,” Section of GettingStartedwithAbaqus:Interactive Edition UnitsBefore starting to define this or any model, you need to decide which system of units you will use. Abaqushas no built-in system of units. Do not include unit names or labels when entering data in Abaqus. Allinput data must be specified in consistent units. Some common systems of consistent units are shown inTable 2–standardservices.com.pk 2–1Consistent standardservices.com.pkty SI SI (mm) US Unit (ft) US Unit (inch)Length m mm ft inForce N N lbf lbfMass kg tonne (10 3 kg) slug lbf s 2 /inTime s s s sStress Pa (N/m 2 ) MPa (N/mm 2 ) lbf/ft 2 psi (lbf/in 2 )Energy J mJ (10 −3 J) ft lbf in lbfDensity kg/m 3 tonne/mm 3 slug/ft 3 lbf s 2 /in 42–8

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOISTThe SI system of units is used throughout this guide. Users working in the systems labeled “USUnit” should be careful with the units of density; often the densities given in handbooks of materialproperties are multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity Coordinate systemsYou also need to decide which coordinate system to use. The global coordinate system in Abaqusis a right-handed, rectangular (Cartesian) system. For this example define the global 1-axis to be thehorizontal axis of the hoist and the global 2-axis to be the vertical axis (Figure 2–3). The global 3-axisis normal to the plane of the framework. The origin ( =0, =0, =0) is the bottom left-hand cornerof the standardservices.com.pk(x 1= 0, x 2= 0)21Figure 2–3Coordinate system and origin for standardservices.com.pk two-dimensional problems, such as this one, Abaqus requires that the model lie in a planeparallel to the global 1–2 plane MeshYou must select the element types and design the mesh. Creating a proper mesh for a given problemrequires experience. For this example you will use a single truss element to model each member of theframe, as shown in Figure 2––9

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOISTTrusselementsNodesFigure 2–4Finite element mesh.A truss element, which can carry only tensile and compressive axial loads, is ideal for modelingpin-jointed frameworks, such as the overhead hoist. Truss elements are described in “Truss elements,”Section , and also in the Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual, which describes every element availablein Abaqus. The index of element types (Section EI.1, “Abaqus/Standard Element Index,” of the AbaqusAnalysis User’s Manual) makes locating a particular element easy. Whenever you are using an elementfor the first time, you should read the description, which includes the element connectivity and anyelement section properties needed to define the element’s standardservices.com.pk connectivity for the truss elements used in the overhead hoist model is shown in Figure 2–Figure 2–5Connectivity for the 2-node truss element (T2D2).Node and element numbers are merely identification labels. They are usually generatedautomatically by Abaqus/CAE or another preprocessor. The only requirement for node and elementnumbers is that they must be positive integers. Gaps in the numbering are allowed, and the order inwhich nodes and elements are defined does not matter. Any nodes that are defined but not associatedwith an element are removed automatically and are not included in the standardservices.com.pk this case we use the node and element numbers shown in Figure 2––10

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOIST 17 Figure 2–6Node and element numbers for the hoist model Model dataThe first part of the input file must contain all of the model data. These data define the structure beinganalyzed. In the overhead hoist example the model data consist of the following:• Geometry:– Nodal coordinates.– Element connectivity.– Element section properties.• Material standardservices.com.pkgThe first option in any Abaqus input file must be *HEADING. The data lines that follow the*HEADING option are lines of text describing the problem being simulated. You should providean accurate description to allow the input file to be identified at a later date. Moreover, it is oftenhelpful to specify the system of units, directions of the global coordinate system, etc. For example,the *HEADING option block for the hoist problem contains the following:*HEADINGTwo-dimensional overhead hoist frameSI units (kg, m, s, N)1-axis horizontal, 2-axis verticalData file printing optionsBy default, Abaqus will not print an echo of the input file or the model and history definition data tothe printed output (.dat) file. However, it is recommended that you check your model and history2–11

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOISTdefinition in a datacheck run before performing the analysis. The datacheck run is discussed laterin this standardservices.com.pk request a printout of the input file and of the model and history definition data, add thefollowing statement to the input file:*PREPRINT, ECHO=YES, MODEL=YES, HISTORY=YESNodal coordinatesThe coordinates of each node can be defined once you select the mesh design and node numberingscheme. For this problem use the numbering shown in Figure 2–6. The coordinates of nodes aredefined using the *NODE option. Each data line of this option block has the form,< -coordinate>,< -coordinate>,< -coordinate>The nodes for the hoist model are defined as follows:*NODE, 0., 0., , 1., 0., , 2., 0., , , , , , , standardservices.com.pkt connectivityThe members of the overhead hoist are modeled with truss elements. The format of each data linefor a truss element is, , where node 1 and node 2 are at the ends of the element (see Figure 2–5). For example, element 16connects nodes and (see Figure 2–6), so the data line defining this element is16, , The TYPE parameter on the *ELEMENT option must be used to specify the kind of element beingdefined. In this case you will use T2D2 truss standardservices.com.pk of the most useful features in Abaqus is the availability of node and element sets that arereferred to by name. By using the ELSET parameter on the *ELEMENT option, all of the elementsdefined in the option block are added to an element set called FRAME. A set name can have as manyas 80 characters and must start with a letter. Since element section properties are assigned throughelement set names, all elements in the model must belong to at least one element standardservices.com.pk complete *ELEMENT option block for the overhead hoist model (see Figure 2–6) is shownbelow:*ELEMENT, TYPE=T2D2, ELSET=FRAME11, , –12

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOIST12, , , , , , , , , , , , Element section propertiesEach element must refer to an element section property. The appropriate element section option foreach element and the additional geometric data (if any) needed for each element are described inthe Abaqus Analysis User’s standardservices.com.pk the T2D2 element you must use the *SOLID SECTION option and give one data line withthe cross-sectional area of the element. If you leave the data line blank, the cross-sectional area isassumed to be In this case all the members are circular bars that are 5 mm in diameter. Their cross-sectionalarea is × 10 −5 m 2 .The MATERIAL parameter, which is required for most element section options, refers to thename of a material property definition that is to be used with the elements. The name can have upto 80 characters and must begin with a standardservices.com.pk this example all of the elements have the same section properties and are made of the samematerial. Typically, there will be several different element section properties in an analysis; forexample, different components in a model may be made of different materials. The elements areassociated with material properties through element sets. For the overhead hoist model the elementsare added to an element set called FRAME. Element set FRAME is then used as the value of theELSET parameter on the element section option. Add the following option block to your input file:*SOLID SECTION, ELSET=FRAME, MATERIAL=STEEL** diameter = 5mm --> area = E-5 sq. mE-5,Cross-sectional area of truss standardservices.com.pk line in the input file that beginswith ∗∗ is treated as a standardservices.com.pkalsOne of the features that makes Abaqus a truly general-purpose finite element program is that almostany material model can be used with any element. Once the mesh has been created, material modelscan be associated, as appropriate, with the elements in the mesh.Abaqus has a large number of material models, many of which include nonlinear standardservices.com.pk this overhead hoist example we use the simplest form of material behavior: linear standardservices.com.pk Chapter 10, “Materials,” two of the most common forms of nonlinear material behavior areconsidered: metal plasticity and rubber elasticity. A discussion of all the material models availablein Abaqus can be found in the Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual.2–13

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOISTLinear elasticity is appropriate for many materials at small strains, particularly for metals upto their yield point. It is characterized by a linear relationship between stress and strain (Hooke’slaw), as shown in Figure 2–standardservices.com.pkYoung’s modulus, EStrainFigure 2–7Linear elastic standardservices.com.pk material behavior is characterized by two constants: Young’s modulus, E, and Poisson’sratio, .A material definition in the Abaqus input file starts with a *MATERIAL option. The parameterNAME is used to associate a material with an element section property. For example,*SOLID SECTION, ELSET=FRAME, MATERIAL=STEELE-5*MATERIAL, NAME=STEELMaterial suboptions directly follow their associated *MATERIAL option. Several suboptionsmay be required to complete the material definition. All material suboptions are associated with thematerial that is listed on the most recent *MATERIAL option until another *MATERIAL option ora non-material option block is standardservices.com.pkt considering thermal expansion effects (which would be defined with the*EXPANSION material suboption), one material suboption, *ELASTIC, is required to define alinear elastic material. The form of this option block is*ELASTIC,< >Therefore, the complete, isotropic, linear elastic material definition for the hoist members, whichare made of steel, should be entered into your input file as*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL*ELASTICE9, –14

EXAMPLE: CREATING A MODEL OF AN OVERHEAD HOISTThe model definition portion of this problem is now complete since all the componentsdescribing the structure have been specified History dataThe history data define the sequence of events for the simulation. This loading history is divided intoa series of steps, each defining a different portion of the structure’s loading. Each step contains thefollowing information:• the type of simulation (static, dynamic, etc.);• the loads and constraints; and• the output standardservices.com.pk this example we are interested in the static response of the overhead hoist to a 10 kN load appliedat the midspan, with

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