01.08.2019

Website monitor keygen

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Website monitor keygen

linkAPI Reference

The Keygen API is organized around REST principles. All requests must be made over TLS/SSL. In addition, all request and response bodies, including errors, are encoded in JSON format.

The API has predictable, resource-oriented URLs, and uses standard HTTP response codes to indicate API errors. We use built-in HTTP features, like authentication and HTTP verbs, which are understood by off-the-shelf HTTP clients. We support cross-origin resource sharing, allowing you to interact securely with our API from any client-facing software application.

code Getting Started with our API

linkYour Keygen Account

In order to make requests to our licensing API, you will need to use your Keygen account's unique ID, or its that you chose during sign up. Every API request will utilize your account's ID or slug within the URL path, i.e. or . Your account's ID and slug can be used interchangably as URL params.

You can find your account's ID and slug in your account settings, under the "Current Account" section.

Account Permissions

By default, your Keygen account will allow public user registration, user token generation (authentication), and will also allow users to create their own licenses and machines while authenticated. This is referred to as an "unprotected" account, allowing client-side resource management (i.e. by your users), while you respond to those events using webhooks.

For example, you can allow users to create and delete their licenses and machine activations, while you respond to those events to handle billing, e.g. charge them for new licenses, update their subscription to match their license and machine count, etc.

If you do not want your users to be able to create and manage their own licenses and machines client-side (which may necessitate listening for webhook events) then you should set your account to "protected", which will require admin authentication to create and manage all resources, aside from machine activation and deactivation.

Setting your account to "protected" is the recommended approach when using Keygen % server-side. You can change your account permissions from your account settings page.

See the security section for more tips.

linkAccepted Content Types

Our JSON API accepts the following content types specified via the HTTP header:

In addition, our JSON API is able to respond with the following content types specified via the HTTP header:

By default our API will respond with , unless asked otherwise through the standard HTTP header. All other content types will be rejected with a status code.

linkClient Libraries

At the moment we're focused on our HTTP API endpoints. As time goes by we'll be featuring here some more of our open-source clients for different languages and frameworks, as well as those contributed by the community.

If you have written one yourself, please let us know. We will feature your name along with the client library, unless asked to do otherwise.

Alternative HTTP Libraries

We use the following open-source HTTP libraries for code examples:

You may of course choose to use a different HTTP library, but these are the libaries that you will see used throughout our documentation.

We will collaborate with project maintainers to keep open source libraries up-to-date as our systems evolve. If you would like us to add documentation examples for a specific language, or if you would like us to add an open-source library you created, please email [email&#;protected].

linkPre-populated Examples

When you're logged in to your dashboard, your authentication token is pre-populated in all the examples on this page so you can test any example right away. Only you can see these values. All other values, such as license IDs, and license keys still need to be replaced with real values.

The pre-populated token is an admin token and is not meant to be used in client-facing code, stored in version control, and so forth.

When we introduce breaking changes to the API, we will release a new numbered version, e.g. we will go from to . The current version is . All changes will be detailed within our changelog.

linkAPI Stability

We will not introduce breaking changes into the API without bumping the current version. You can rest assured that the endpoints you're utilizing within your product are stable.

Keep in mind that stable does not mean complete. We could potentially add new resources and actions, but existing resources will remain unchanged.

linkBackwards Compatibility

What do we consider to be “backwards-compatible” changes?

Adding new API resources
Adding new optional request parameters to existing API endpoints
Adding new properties to existing API resources and responses
Changing the order of properties in existing API responses
Changing the length or format of resource IDs, future tokens, future auto-generated license keys, or other opaque strings (this includes adding or removing prefixes)
You can safely assume resource IDs we generate will never exceed characters (but you should be able to handle IDs of up to that length)
Adding new event types (your webhook listeners should gracefully handle unfamiliar events types)

Do not store your API tokens in version control. If you're using version control like Git or Subversion, do not store your API tokens in version control. It is recommended that you store tokens in a file that is never checked into the repository, or within the .
If one of your API tokens become compromised, quickly revoke it from your admin dashboard.
Do not embed your admin or product API tokens within your product's source code. If you're using Keygen client-side, do not embed your admin or product tokens within your product's source code. Doing so exposes your tokens and opens your account up to attackers.
Instead, you can perform license and machine creation requests client-side while authenticated as one of your users and then you can listen for the corresponding webhook events to act accordingly e.g., charging them for new licenses, crediting them for deleted licenses or machines, etc. For an example of responding to user actions, see our Paddle integration example.
If you're using Keygen server-side, see the above tip.
To help prevent tampering and other types of attacks such as a man-in-the-middle attack, you may choose to implement license key signature verification, and request signature verification. Both of these verifications harden your software by ensuring the given data originated from Keygen.
Embedding account, product and policy IDs directly into your product i.e. client-side code is perfectly safe. In fact, you won't be able to communicate with Keygen's API unless you do so, and managing e.g. feature licenses without being able to embed policy IDs wouldn't be feasible. With that in mind, it is recommended that you use your account ID over your account slug, as unlike your account slug, your ID is unchangable.
If you do not want your users to be able to create and manage their own licenses and machines (which could necessitate listening for webhook events) then you should set your account to , which will require admin authentication to create and manage all resources, aside from token creation and license validation. Setting your account to protected can be done within your account settings.
Alternatively, you can set individual licenses policies to (which by default is inherited from the account's current state), which will only disallow users from creating and managing licenses which implement that particular policy and their associated machines, rather than all resources e.g. public user creation, licenses that implement other unprotected policies, etc. You can also set a license to , which will disallow machine activation/deactivation; similar to policies, the license's attribute is inherited from its policy.
By default, your account is , which allows user registration as well as the ability for users to manage their own resources.
To validate license keys offline, you can cryptographically sign or encrypt license keys. To enable this feature, you choose an appropriate when creating a new policy. Each will behave differently, so be sure that you understand how to implement and verify the one you choose. Reach out to our support channels if you have any questions.
Alternatively, you can set up "air-gapped" license activation using TOTP, QR codes, and a mobile device. View our example implementation.
Please note that offline license validation is, of course, quite limited in what can be enforced. E.g. to validate against a license's machine requirements would require an internet connection. Keep that in mind.
If you only need to validate license keys, then you do not need to implement user authentication. The license action does not require authentication. If you're doing anything else e.g. validating multiple license resources per-user, tracking machines, etc., user authentication or activation tokens will be required in order to communicate with Keygen's API client-side.
You can add required validation scopes to your policies to e.g. require a machine fingerprint, etc., which helps implement certain license models without the need for any additional server-side logic such as a webhook handler.

Our API uses conventional HTTP response codes to indicate the success or failure of an API request. In general, codes in the range indicate success, codes in the range indicate an error that failed given the information provided (e.g., a required parameter was omitted, a validation failed, etc.), and codes in the range indicate an error with our servers (these are rare).

Code	Status	Meaning
OK	Everything worked as expected.
Created	The resource was created successfully.
Accepted	The request has been accepted for processing.
No content	Everything worked as expected, but there was nothing to respond with.
Bad Request	The request was unacceptable, often due to missing or unpermitted parameters.
Unauthorized	No valid API token provided.
Forbidden	The authenticated entity does not have permission to complete the request.
Not Found	The requested resource doesn't exist.
Conflict	The request could not be completed because the resource already exists.
Unprocessable Entity	A validation error occurred on the resource.
Too Many Requests	Too many requests hit the API too quickly. We recommend an exponential backoff of your requests.
Server Errors	Something went wrong on our end. (These are rare.)

Below you will find the various attributes for request errors.

linkAttributes

linktitle
string
A short, human-readable summary of the problem.
linkdetail
string
A more detailed human-readable explanation of the problem.
linkcode
string
A unique, unchanging machine-readable error code. This may or may not be included in the error payload, depending on the type of error.
linksource
hash<string, any>
A hash containing references to the source of the error. This may or may not be included in the error payload, depending on the type of error.
linkstandardservices.com.pkr
string
A pointer to the problem data, e.g. "/data" for the primary data, "/data/attributes/email" for a specific attribute, or "/data/relationships/user" for a problem with a relationship. This may or may not be included in the error payload, depending on the type of error.
linkstandardservices.com.pkter
string
A string indicating which URI query parameter caused the error. This may or may not be included in the error payload, depending on the type of error.

Example error

Requests are authenticated using a bearer token in an header. Within the header, you will utilize a Token resource's attribute, like so,

If you want to interact with Keygen's API client-side, then you should do so using our user resources, which we created for this purpose. You can create users with email and password credentials, which can be used during token generation to authenticate a user.

After a user is authenticated, they can interact with our API in a way that is limited to only their user account.

There are a couple other token types in addition to admin/user authentication tokens:

Activation tokens: authenticating as a license is useful when you're not utilizing our user resources for authentication, but you still want to perform client-side machine activation. Activation tokens allow a limited number of machine activations and deactivations. To create a new activation token, please see the License token relationship.
Product tokens: authenticating as a product is useful in server-side environments. These tokens allow full management of resources associated with the given product. To create a new product token, please see the Product token relationship.

All user tokens have a 2 week expiry and can be regenerated as needed during that timeframe. Admin and product tokens do not expire, and should only be used server-side. By default, activation tokens do not expire, but you may set an expiry during creation if desired.

Admin and product tokens should only be used server-side, this is because they allow full near management of your Keygen account. This means that if an attacker were to obtain a product token from within your code, no matter how obfuscated, they will be able to create and manage licenses at-will—including those of your other customers.

Most API endpoints will require authentication, and access to resources depends on the token bearer's authorization and role.

You can manage tokens using the Tokens resource.

Security Warning

Tokens should be treated as passwords. Different tokens carry different privileges depending on the bearer of the token, so be sure to keep them secret! Do not share your admin or product API tokens in publicly accessible areas such as GitHub, client-facing code, and so forth. If in doubt, please regenerate or revoke the offending token(s).

Access to certain resources is dependent upon a token bearer's role. Most of the time you will be authenticating as one of your users, which will allow access to a small subset of resources available to your account. In other cases, as when you are using a server-side integration, you may be authenticating as a product, or even an admin; in these cases, you will have access to a wider range of resources.

Resource attributes and relationships marked with a "protected" badge are only allowed to be specified if the authenticated bearer is an admin of the account, or a product that owns the specified resource. Attributes and relationships marked with a "read only" badge can not be modified.

Many resource endpoints are automatically scoped according to the token bearer's role. For example, listing all licenses while authenticated as a product will only list licenses associated with that particular product. Attempting to access resources that the bearer does not have access to will respond with a error.

Never hard-code authentication tokens within your client-facing product – doing so could leave your product open to major exploitations by allowing a malicious user the ability to fully manage your account's resources. The only time you should be using your admin or product token(s) directly is if you are working with Keygen server-side.

Here's a quick summary of the different authorization roles:

Role	Administrator	Authentication	Authorization
None	No	No	Unauthenticated users can create a new user account (unless your account is protected), and validate license keys using the action. No other endpoints are accessisible to unauthenticated users.
User	No	Yes	Authenticated users may access certain resource endpoints, but all resources that are returned will be scoped to their user account, e.g. when a user makes a request to list all licenses, only the licenses which are associated with their user account will be returned.
License	No	Yes	Authenticated licenses may perform machine activations and deactivations through activation tokens. They may also validate the license. They cannot perform any other request.
Product	Yes	Yes	Authenticated products may access resources for their account that are associated with that particular product. All resources that are returned will be scoped to the product, e.g. when a product makes a request to list all licenses, only the licenses which are associated with the product will be returned.
Support Agent	Yes	Yes	Authenticated support agents may access some resources for their account. They can read the following resources: products, policies, users, licenses, machines. They can update the following resources: licenses, machines. They cannot delete resources.
Sales Agent	Yes	Yes	Authenticated sales agents may access some resources for their account. They can read the following resources: products, policies, users, licenses, machines. They can create the following resources: policies, licenses, machines. They can update the following resources: policies, licenses, machines. They can delete the following resources: licenses, machines. They cannot delete any other resources.
Developer	Yes	Yes	Authenticated developers may access all resources for their account, minus account billing information.
Admin	Yes	Yes	Authenticated admin users may access all resources for their account.

A single IP address can make a maximum burst of 60 requests per 30 second window and requests per 5 minute window, which allows for 1 request/sec with short bursts of up to requests/sec, regardless of authentication. We may add additional rate limit windows in the future, which will be included within the header with a specific name, e.g. .

If we see patterns of abuse, this limit may be lowered or the IP may be temporarily blacklisted. In rare cases of significant abuse, the IP may be permanently blacklisted from our API.

Need a custom rate limit? Reach out to our support team and we can discuss a custom rate limit that will work with your requirements.

When rate limited, a HTTP status code will be given. You can also check the returned HTTP headers of any API request to see your current rate limit status for the closest window:

Header	Description
The current rate limiting window that is closest to being reached, percentage-wise.
The number of requests that have been performed within the current rate limit window.
The maximum number of requests that the IP is permitted to make for the current window.
The number of requests remaining in the current rate limit window.
The time at which the current rate limit window resets in UTC epoch seconds.

Example response / Too Many Requests

Throughout the API, many resources will have a hash containing another resource which they are associated with. When creating or modifying a relationship, you will be introduced to what's called a "resource identifier object", or for short.

A "resource identifier object" is a hash that identifies an individual resource. The hash must contain a and an of the individual resource for the relationship.

Example resource identifier object

Many resources including products, users, licenses, machines and policies have a attribute. You can use this attribute to attach key-value data to the given resource.

Metadata is useful for storing additional, structured information on an object. As an example, you could store your user's zipcode, their within your own database (if applicable), or their Stripe for billing purposes.

Since the attribute is simply a key-value store (hash), all write operations will overwrite the entire hash, so be sure to merge existing data on your end when performing updates.

Do not attach sensitive billing information directly to resources using the attribute. Doing so is a violation of our terms of use. If you're using Stripe, you need only attach their Stripe , or a temporary secure representation of a card (such as a ), which can then be used to look up their information server-side when required.

You may specify up to 64 keys, with key names up to characters in length and with values up to characters in length.

Key Transformation

Please note: all keys will be transformed into lower camelcase (), so we recommend using lower camelcase when possible. For example, will be transformed into , will also be transformed into , etc.

Example Use Cases

Here's a few example use cases:

Use Case
Link IDs	Attach your system's unique IDs to a Keygen object, for easy lookups. For example, add an order number for a license, Stripe customer and subscription IDs, or the customer's user ID in your system.
License entitlements	Store information about what features or actions a license is allowed to perform.
Customer details	Annotate a user by storing additional details such as company name for later use.

Example request

All top-level API resources have support for bulk fetches via "list" API methods. For instance you can list users, list licenses, and list machines. These list API methods share a common format, taking an optional query parameter.

Our API utilizes a page-based strategy via the and parameters. All results are returned in reverse chronological order.

linkParameters

linkpage
hash<string, integer>
Hash containing page size and page number.
linkstandardservices.com.pk
integer
The page size. Must be a number between 1 and
linkstandardservices.com.pk
integer
The page number.

Example request

Example response

Some resources, such as webhook events may contain an idempotency token inside of a meta hash. In the case of webhook events, these tokens allow you to safely retry events without accidentally responding to the same event multiple times.

linkExample scenario

When a user creates a new license, you would want to make sure that the webhook event that you're listening for would only be acted upon once, regardless of how many times you retry the event, to guarantee you only charge your user for a single license.

You can accomplish this by logging the idempotency token (to a database, for example) and ignoring future webhook events that come through with an identical token, signaling a retried event.

Although retrying a webhook event creates a new resource, the idempotency token will stay the same throughout the event's lifetime.

Example resource

A failed webhook event resource.

Example request

Retry the above failed webhook event resource.

Example response

Notice that it's a new resource, yet the idempotency token matches the original event.

Each Keygen account is equipped with its own unique RSA bit public/private keypair, which is used in signing response payloads using RSA-SHA, and which can also be used to sign or encrypt license keys for offline license verification using schemes. The scheme used for license key signing and encryption will depend on the cryptographic scheme that the particular policy implements.

You can find your account's public key within your dashboard settings page, which you can use to response payloads and license keys. Private keys are kept securely encrypted on our servers.

To see an example of cryptographic validation, check out our example on GitHub. It will show you how to utilize your account's public key to validate various cryptographic license key schemes.

You may utilize your account's public key to verify that successful requests, and webhooks, originated from Keygen, as well as to verify a license key is authentic i.e. that it was signed using your Keygen account's private key.

You can find your account's public key within your dashboard settings page, which you can use to response payloads and license keys. Private keys are kept securely encrypted on our servers and are never, under any circumstances, shared with you or any other third-party.

linkLicense Signatures

License signature verification is useful for checking if a given license key is authentic, especially in offline environments, where access to Keygen's API to fully validate the license is not available. For more information on license key cryptography and signatures, see the cryptography section and the different policy schemes available.

Here are a few examples of cryptographically verifying a license's authenticity:

The signed or encrypted contents of the key are base64url encoded using RFC , a URL-safe version of base64 which is supported in most programming languages. This base64url encoding scheme is different than normal base64 encoding. Most programming languages will have a separate function for decoding URL base64 encoded values, but if not, you can simply replace all base64 chars with , and with .

Example Python cryptographic verification

linkRequest Signatures

Request signature verification is useful for verifying requests came from Keygen, as well as for preventing man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, where an attacker will redirect requests to a local server under their control which defaults to sending "valid" license responses. A signature header will always be included with webhook events, delivered to your webhook endpoints.

We do not sign certain error payloads - please keep this in mind during implementation. We will always sign successful responses () and errors that occur while authenticated using your account's private key. Certain error responses, such as authentication errors, will not include the header.

Header	Description
The encoded RSA-SHA signature of the response body, using PKCS1 v padding.

To see an example of signature verfication, check out our example on GitHub. It will show you how to utilize your account's public key to verify that the response was signed using your account's private key.

Example request signature

When implementing a testing strategy for your licensing integration, we recommend that you fully mock our APIs. This is especially important for CI/CD systems, to prevent unneeded load on our servers. Mocking our APIs will also allow you to more easily stay within your account's daily request limits.

Most popular programming languages will have at least 1 mocking library for HTTP APIs, but feel free to reach out to us for recommendations.

A sandbox environment is coming soon. If you're in need of a sandbox account, please reach out.

linkThe token object

Keygen authenticates your API requests using tokens. Below you will find the various attributes for the token resource, as well as the token resource's relationships. The actual string is hashed before being stored in our databases, thus is only available directly after generating/regenerating a token.

Admin and product tokens should not be included in any client-facing code, as they offer full access to all of your account's resources. You can authenticate as one of your users or use an activation token to perform client-side machine activations. Admin and product tokens should only be used server-side.

linkAttributes

linkkind
stringread only
The kind of token, based on its bearer.
Options
- activation-token: An activation token with permission to activate and deactivate the machines for a given license.
- product-token: An internal administrative token with permission to manage the entire product and its resources, usually for server-side use.
- user-token: A normal user of one or more of your products, with limited permission to manage their own resources.
- support-token: An internal administrative user of your Keygen account, with a limited subset of permissions.
- sales-token: An internal administrative user of your Keygen account, with a limited subset of permissions.
- developer-token: An internal administrative user of your Keygen account, with permission to manage most resources.
- admin-token: An internal administrative user of your Keygen account, with permission to manage the entire account.
linktoken
stringread only
The raw token of the token. This attribute is only available to read directly after token generation. This is the value you will use to authenticate with when sending requests to our API.
linkexpiry
timestamp (ISO format)read only
The timestamp for when the token expires. Requests using an expired token will be rejected.
linkmaxActivations
integer
The maximum amount of machine activations this token may perform. This attribute is only applicable to activation tokens.
linkactivations
integerread only
The number of machine activations that have been performed by this token. This attribute is only applicable to activation tokens.
linkmaxDeactivations
integer
The maximum amount of machine deactivations this token may perform. This attribute is only applicable to activation tokens.
linkdeactivations
integerread only
The number of machine deactivations that have been performed by this token. This attribute is only applicable to activation tokens.
linkcreated
timestamp (ISO format)read only
When the token was created.
linkupdated
timestamp (ISO format)read only
When the token was last updated.

linkRelationships

linkaccount
individual
The account that the token belongs to.
linkbearer
individual
The bearer of the token.

Example object

linkGenerate a token

Generate a new token resource for a user. To generate a token for a product, see the product token relationship. By default, user tokens expire in 2 weeks, and admin tokens do not expire. A custom expiry may be provided in the token generate request.

linkAuthentication

linkBasic
required
The email and password of the user. Credentials MUST use a colon (i.e. ":") to separate the email and password (i.e. "EMAIL:PASSWORD"), and those credentials MUST then be base64 encoded.

linkParameters

linkaccount
string, required
The identifier (UUID) or slug of your Keygen account.

linkAttributes

linkexpiry
timestamp (ISO format), optional
The timestamp for when the token expires. Requests using an expired token will be rejected.

linkReturns

A response will be returned along with the new token object.

Definition

Example request

Example response / Created

Источник: [standardservices.com.pk]

, Website monitor keygen

Software cracking

Modification of software, often to use it for free

Software cracking (known as "breaking" in the s^[1]) is the modification of software to remove or disable features which are considered undesirable by the person cracking the software, especially copy protection features (including protection against the manipulation of software, serial number, hardware key, date checks and disc check) or software annoyances like nag screens and adware.

A crack refers to the means of achieving, for example a stolen serial number or a tool that performs that act of cracking.^[2] Some of these tools are called keygen, patch, or loader. A keygen is a handmade product serial number generator that often offers the ability to generate working serial numbers in your own name. A patch is a small computer program that modifies the machine code of another program. This has the advantage for a cracker to not include a large executable in a release when only a few bytes are changed.^[3] A loader modifies the startup flow of a program and does not remove the protection but circumvents it.^[4]^[5] A well-known example of a loader is a trainer used to cheat in games.^[6]Fairlight pointed out in one of their .nfo files that these type of cracks are not allowed for warez scene game releases.^[7]^[4]^[8] A nukewar has shown that the protection may not kick in at any point for it to be a valid crack.^[9]

The distribution of cracked copies is illegal in most countries. There have been lawsuits over cracking software.^[10] It might be legal to use cracked software in certain circumstances.^[11] Educational resources for reverse engineering and software cracking are, however, legal and available in the form of Crackme programs.

History[edit]

The first software copy protection was applied to software for the Apple II,^[12]Atari , and Commodore 64 computers.^{[citation needed]}. Software publishers have implemented increasingly complex methods in an effort to stop unauthorized copying of software.

On the Apple II, unlike modern computers that use standardized device drivers to manage device communications, the operating system directly controlled the step motor that moves the floppy drive head, and also directly interpreted the raw data, called nibbles, read from each track to identify the data sectors. This allowed complex disk-based software copy protection, by storing data on half tracks (0, 1, , , 5, ), quarter tracks (0, 1, , , 5, ), and any combination thereof. In addition, tracks did not need to be perfect rings, but could be sectioned so that sectors could be staggered across overlapping offset tracks, the most extreme version being known as spiral tracking. It was also discovered that many floppy drives did not have a fixed upper limit to head movement, and it was sometimes possible to write an additional 36th track above the normal 35 tracks. The standard Apple II copy programs could not read such protected floppy disks, since the standard DOS assumed that all disks had a uniform track, or sector layout. Special nibble-copy programs such as Locksmith and Copy II Plus could sometimes duplicate these disks by using a reference library of known protection methods; when protected programs were cracked they would be completely stripped of the copy protection system, and transferred onto a standard format disk that any normal Apple II copy program could read.

One of the primary routes to hacking these early copy protections was to run a program that simulates the normal CPU operation. The CPU simulator provides a number of extra features to the hacker, such as the ability to single-step through each processor instruction and to examine the CPU registers and modified memory spaces as the simulation runs (any modern disassembler/debugger can do this). The Apple II provided a built-in opcode disassembler, allowing raw memory to be decoded into CPU opcodes, and this would be utilized to examine what the copy-protection was about to do next. Generally there was little to no defense available to the copy protection system, since all its secrets are made visible through the simulation. However, because the simulation itself must run on the original CPU, in addition to the software being hacked, the simulation would often run extremely slowly even at maximum speed.

On Atari 8-bit computers, the most common protection method was via "bad sectors". These were sectors on the disk that were intentionally unreadable by the disk drive. The software would look for these sectors when the program was loading and would stop loading if an error code was not returned when accessing these sectors. Special copy programs were available that would copy the disk and remember any bad sectors. The user could then use an application to spin the drive by constantly reading a single sector and display the drive RPM. With the disk drive top removed a small screwdriver could be used to slow the drive RPM below a certain point. Once the drive was slowed down the application could then go and write "bad sectors" where needed. When done the drive RPM was sped up back to normal and an uncracked copy was made. Of course cracking the software to expect good sectors made for readily copied disks without the need to meddle with the disk drive. As time went on more sophisticated methods were developed, but almost all involved some form of malformed disk data, such as a sector that might return different data on separate accesses due to bad data alignment. Products became available (from companies such as Happy Computers) which replaced the controller BIOS in Atari's "smart" drives. These upgraded drives allowed the user to make exact copies of the original program with copy protections in place on the new disk.

On the Commodore 64, several methods were used to protect software. For software distributed on ROM cartridges, subroutines were included which attempted to write over the program code. If the software was on ROM, nothing would happen, but if the software had been moved to RAM, the software would be disabled. Because of the operation of Commodore floppy drives, one write protection scheme would cause the floppy drive head to bang against the end of its rail, which could cause the drive head to become misaligned. In some cases, cracked versions of software were desirable to avoid this result. A misaligned drive head was rare usually fixing itself by smashing against the rail stops. Another brutal protection scheme was grinding from track 1 to 40 and back a few times.

Most of the early software crackers were computer hobbyists who often formed groups that competed against each other in the cracking and spreading of software. Breaking a new copy protection scheme as quickly as possible was often regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate one's technical superiority rather than a possibility of money-making. Some low skilled hobbyists would take already cracked software and edit various unencrypted strings of text in it to change messages a game would tell a game player, often something considered vulgar. Uploading the altered copies on file sharing networks provided a source of laughs for adult users. The cracker groups of the s started to advertise themselves and their skills by attaching animated screens known as crack intros in the software programs they cracked and released. Once the technical competition had expanded from the challenges of cracking to the challenges of creating visually stunning intros, the foundations for a new subculture known as demoscene were established. Demoscene started to separate itself from the illegal "warez scene" during the s and is now regarded as a completely different subculture. Many software crackers have later grown into extremely capable software reverse engineers; the deep knowledge of assembly required in order to crack protections enables them to reverse engineerdrivers in order to port them from binary-only drivers for Windows to drivers with source code for Linux and other free operating systems. Also because music and game intro was such an integral part of gaming the music format and graphics became very popular when hardware became affordable for the home user.

With the rise of the Internet, software crackers developed secretive online organizations. In the latter half of the nineties, one of the most respected sources of information about "software protection reversing" was Fravia's website.

Most of the well-known or "elite" cracking groups make software cracks entirely for respect in the "Scene", not profit. From there, the cracks are eventually leaked onto public Internet sites by people/crackers who use well-protected/secure FTP release archives, which are made into full copies and sometimes sold illegally by other parties.

The Scene today is formed of small groups of skilled people, who informally compete to have the best crackers, methods of cracking, and reverse engineering.

+HCU[edit]

The High Cracking University (+HCU), was founded by Old Red Cracker (+ORC), considered a genius of reverse engineering and a legendary figure in RCE, to advance research into Reverse Code Engineering (RCE). He had also taught and authored many papers on the subject, and his texts are considered classics in the field and are mandatory reading for students of RCE.^[13]

The addition of the "+" sign in front of the nickname of a reverser signified membership in the +HCU. Amongst the students of +HCU were the top of the elite Windows reversers worldwide.^[13] +HCU published a new reverse engineering problem annually and a small number of respondents with the best replies qualified for an undergraduate position at the university.^[13]

+Fravia was a professor at +HCU. Fravia's website was known as "+Fravia's Pages of Reverse Engineering" and he used it to challenge programmers as well as the wider society to "reverse engineer" the "brainwashing of a corrupt and rampant materialism". In its heyday, his website received millions of visitors per year and its influence was "widespread".^[13]

Nowadays most of the graduates of +HCU have migrated to Linux and few have remained as Windows reversers. The information at the university has been rediscovered by a new generation of researchers and practitioners of RCE who have started new research projects in the field.^[13]

Methods[edit]

The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution. This is accomplished by reverse engineering the compiled program code using a debugger such as SoftICE,^[14]x64dbg, OllyDbg,^[15]GDB, or MacsBug until the software cracker reaches the subroutine that contains the primary method of protecting the software (or by disassembling an executable file with a program such as IDA). The binary is then modified using the debugger or a hex editor or monitor in a manner that replaces a prior branching opcode with its complement or a NOPopcode so the key branch will either always execute a specific subroutine or skip over it. Almost all common software cracks are a variation of this type. Proprietary software developers are constantly developing techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, and self-modifying code to make this modification increasingly difficult. Even with these measures being taken, developers struggle to combat software cracking. This is because it is very common for a professional to publicly release a simple cracked EXE or Retrium Installer for public download, eliminating the need for inexperienced users to crack the software themselves.

A specific example of this technique is a crack that removes the expiration period from a time-limited trial of an application. These cracks are usually programs that alter the program executable and sometimes the .dll or .so linked to the application. Similar cracks are available for software that requires a hardware dongle. A company can also break the copy protection of programs that they have legally purchased but that are licensed to particular hardware, so that there is no risk of downtime due to hardware failure (and, of course, no need to restrict oneself to running the software on bought hardware only).

Another method is the use of special software such as CloneCD to scan for the use of a commercial copy protection application. After discovering the software used to protect the application, another tool may be used to remove the copy protection from the software on the CD or DVD. This may enable another program such as Alcohol %, CloneDVD, Game Jackal, or Daemon Tools to copy the protected software to a user's hard disk. Popular commercial copy protection applications which may be scanned for include SafeDisc and StarForce.^[16]

In other cases, it might be possible to decompile a program in order to get access to the original source code or code on a level higher than machine code. This is often possible with scripting languages and languages utilizing JIT compilation. An example is cracking (or debugging) on the .NET platform where one might consider manipulating CIL to achieve one's needs. Java'sbytecode also works in a similar fashion in which there is an intermediate language before the program is compiled to run on the platform dependent machine code.

Advanced reverse engineering for protections such as SecuROM, SafeDisc, StarForce, or Denuvo requires a cracker, or many crackers to spend much time studying the protection, eventually finding every flaw within the protection code, and then coding their own tools to "unwrap" the protection automatically from executable (.EXE) and library (.DLL) files.

There are a number of sites on the Internet that let users download cracks produced by warez groups for popular games and applications (although at the danger of acquiring malicious software that is sometimes distributed via such sites).^[17] Although these cracks are used by legal buyers of software, they can also be used by people who have downloaded or otherwise obtained unauthorized copies (often through P2P networks).

Trial reset[edit]

Many commercial programs that can be downloaded from the Internet have a trial period (often 30 days) and must be registered (i.e. be bought) after its expiration if the user wants to continue to use them. To reset the trial period, registry entries and/or hidden files that contain information about the trial period are modified and/or deleted. For this purpose, crackers develop "trial resetters" for a particular program or sometimes also for a group of programs by the same manufacturer.
A method to make trial resets less attractive is the limitation of the software during the trial period (e.g., some features are only available in the registered version; pictures/videos/hardcopies created with the program get a watermark; the program runs for only 10–20 minutes and then closes automatically). Some programs have an unlimited trial period, but are limited until their registration.

References[edit]

^Kevelson, Morton (October ). "Isepic". Ahoy!. pp.&#;71– Retrieved June 27,
^Tulloch, Mitch (). Microsoft Encyclopedia of Security(PDF). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Craig, Paul; Ron, Mark (April ). "Chapter 4: Crackers". In Burnett, Mark (ed.). Software Piracy Exposed - Secrets from the Dark Side Revealed. Publisher: Andrew Williams, Page Layout and Art: Patricia Lupien, Acquisitions Editor: Jaime Quigley, Copy Editor: Judy Eby, Technical Editor: Mark Burnett, Indexer: Nara Wood, Cover Designer: Michael Kavish. United States of America: Syngress Publishing. pp.&#;75– doi/B/ ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bFLT (January 22, ). "The_Sims_3_70s_80s_and_90s_Stuff-FLT".
^Shub-Nigurrath [ARTeam]; ThunderPwr [ARTeam] (January ). "Cracking with Loaders: Theory, General Approach, and a Framework". CodeBreakers Magazine. Universitas-Virtualis Research Project. 1 (1).
^Nigurrath, Shub (May ). "Guide on how to play with processes memory, writing loaders, and Oraculumns". CodeBreakers Magazine. Universitas-Virtualis Research Project. 1 (2).
^FLT (September 29, ). "Test_Drive_Ferrari_Legends_PROPER-FLT".
^SKIDROW (January 21, ). "standardservices.com.pk-SKIDROW".
^"standardservices.com.pk-FiGHTCLUB nukewar". December 2, Archived from the original on September 13,
^Cheng, Jacqui (September 27, ). "Microsoft files lawsuit over DRM crack". Ars Technica.
^Fravia (November ). "Is reverse engineering legal?".
^Pearson, Jordan (July 24, ). "Programmers Are Racing to Save Apple II Software Before It Goes Extinct". Motherboard. Archived from the original on September 27, Retrieved January 27,
^ ^a^b^c^d^eCyrus Peikari; Anton Chuvakin (January 12, ). Security Warrior. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Ankit, Jain; Jason, Kuo; Jordan, Soet; Brian, Tse (April ). "Software Cracking (April )"(PDF). The University of British Columbia - Electrical and Computer Engineering. Retrieved January 27, Cite journal requires (help)
^Wójcik, Bartosz. "Reverse engineering tools review". standardservices.com.pk. PELock. Archived from the original on September 13, Retrieved February 16,
^Gamecopyworld Howto
^McCandless, David (April 1, ). "Warez Wars". Wired. ISSN&#; Retrieved February 4,

Источник: [standardservices.com.pk]

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Clicking the download link results in the download of a malicious file – not what the user expected to get. The downloaded files include an icon similar to Windows Media Player.

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linkAPI Reference

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Software cracking

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+HCU[edit]

Methods[edit]

Trial reset[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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